Limitations on BMI Model Bodies - 1084 Words

How many men do you see ogling over the ultra skinny models on a Vogue magazine? They aren’t, most men are ogling over the centerfold of a Playboy magazine. So why do young girls and women all over the world struggle psychologically and physically to look like those models? And what effect does this have on our society? Should the use of models with a low Body Mass Index (BMI) be banned from fashion, media, and print? I will answer all of these questions and more, to support my view on why there should be changes placed on the limitations of BMI’s on fashion models and how these changes will promote healthier body images in women. First off, let’s look at why people do not support limitations being set on BMI for models. Most†¦show more content†¦(UMN-Duluth) It is no surprise, that females Self-esteem is low, creating Body Dysmorphic Disorder, a pathological preoccupation with an imagined or slight physical defect of ones body to the point of causing significant stress or behavioral impairment in several areas. These psychological disorders lead to physical eating disorders such as, Anorexia Nervosa, characterized by a fear of weight gain which leads to faulty eating patterns, malnutrition, and excessive weight loss, and Bulimia Nervosa, characterized by binge eating and purging, or by an attempt to rid oneself of the food, by taking a laxative, diuretic, or stimulant, and/or excessive exercise, which have been and continue to be on the rise amongst females. These disorders are also common amongst fashion models, it is estimated that nearly 40% are currently struggling with an eating disor der. (Nordqvist) So what types of changes has the fashion industry made to positively impact and promote higher self-esteem and better body images within females? In January 2007, the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA), formed a health initiative to address what has become a global fashion issue: the overwhelming concern about whether some models are unhealthily thin, and whether or not to impose restrictions in such cases.Show MoreRelatedBody Mass Index Essay example689 Words   |  3 PagesBody Mass Index The BMI of females in the USA is represented by variable X and Y. The X equals Age and the Y equal the BMI (Body Mass Index). These equations that represent this information are: X (age) = 2 x Y (BMI) = 16.40 y 21.65. The norm of the BMI of females in the U.S in year 2000 is represented by this graph. Age (yrs) range BMI domain 2 16.40 3 15.70 4 15.30 5 15.20 6 15.21 7 15.40 8 15.80 9 16.30 10 16.80 11 17.50 12 18.18 13 18.70 14 19.36 15 19.88 16 20Read MoreStages Of Hierarchical Multiple Regression Model1343 Words   |  6 PagesResults A two stage hierarchical multiple regression was conducted with Partner’s Body Type as the dependent variable. Age was entered at stage one of the regression and Body Type and Relationship Status were entered at stage two. The variables were entered in this order since people are more likely to be in a relationship as they get older, thus we wanted to determine if the other variables had a unique contribution that was not already accounted for by age. 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Multiple linear regression analysis will be used to compute the model of significant independent variables of PA patterns, on the blood glucose levels. A general linear model (univariate ANOVA) should be used to assess the interaction between LPA and M VPA and its association with diabetes. A ÃŽ ±-level of 0.05 has to be chosen to determine the statistical significanceRead MoreTransplant ( NODAT ) : Risk Factors For Overcome Transplantation1555 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract New onset diabetes after transplant (NODAT) is an important complication after transplantation that increases risk for poor patient and graft outcomes. Recent studies in children identified older age, extremes of body mass index (BMI), and corticosteroid use at discharge as risk factors for NODAT. However, these studies were conducted in a national sample which underrated certain patient groups like deceased donor transplants and African American recipients. The purpose of this study wasRead MoreThe Study s Intervention Was An Asp That Was Implemented Twice Per Week1204 Words   |  5 Pagestwice per week and lasted for 12 weeks. The bilingual ASP included about a half an hour of health education and an hour of physical activity. The valid curriculum was also adapted culturally for Mexican-American children. The health outcomes included BMI, BMI percentile, aerobic capacity, dietary preferences, and health knowledge. Aerobic capacity was measured via the Progressive Aerobic Cardiova scular Endurance Run (PACER) test, and dietary preferences and health knowledge were measured by a self-completedRead MorePropensity Score Matching And Time Varying Confounding1283 Words   |  6 PagesTIME-VARYING CONFOUNDING IN A STUDY OF STATINS AND THE RISK OF VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM Aims †¢ To evaluate the association between statin use and the risk of VTE controlling for time-varying confounding. †¢ To examine whether this association differs by body mass index (BMI) †¢ To examine various characteristics of exposure including type of statin, dose of statin, and recency/duration of statin use in relation to VTE risk Study design This study will be a population-based cohort study. Study population The studyRead MoreDiet Quality And Weight Change1197 Words   |  5 PagesChristian Arreola Biology 100W Fall 2015, Dr. Anand Research Article Summary Long-Term Change in Diet Quality Is Associated with Body Weight Change in Men and Women Diet quality can lead to reaching and maintaining a healthier lifestyle, reduces the risk of chronic diseases and help to maintain weight. Excessive weight increases a person’s risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Previous studies have shown mixed results of foods with lower glycemic effect and weight change. Other previousRead MoreDiabetes Dataset1161 Words   |  5 PagesBp (diastolic pressure), skin (the thickness of skin folds of the triceps), bmi (body max index), ped (diabetes ancestry function), and age. It consists 332 subjects that were chosen from random population. There are several limitations of the data set. The first limitation of this dataset is that the number of subjects it contains is not large enough which may impact the accuracy of the result. The second limitation is that it only contains eight attributes, and we cannot guarantee those areRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Growing, Public Health Disorder1596 Words   |  7 Pagesoverweight and obese children that are in the fifth grade. If determined, this could help children who are inactive or do not exercise, gain some leverage on leading a healthy lifestyle. Literature Review Obesity is a disease that means having too much body fat. Obesity is much different from being overweight, or, in other words, weighing too much. Being overweight is not a disease, and being overweight is much easier to treat than obesity is. Both obesity and overweight are terms that mean a person s

Ap Biology Paper Free Essays

August 20, 2012 AP Biology Paper thing Daniel Gildenbrand Many scientists have contributed to the subjects of nature, evolution, medicine, and to the development of how experiments are executed. In this essay I will go over four scientists, their experiments, and how those experiments benefited the scientific community and the way we currently live our lives. These four scientists greatly contributed to science and were arguably the greatest contributors to their field of study. We will write a custom essay sample on Ap Biology Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now First, we have Francesco Redi and his famous experiments challenging the previous assumption that maggots underwent  Ã¢â‚¬Å"spontaneous generation†, a theory about the formation of living organisms without descent from similar organisms, and naturally spawned from rotting meat. Redi disproved this theory with his experiments. In one of those experiments, Redi took three groups of jars: in the first jar of each group he put an unknown object; in the second, a dead fish; and in the third, a rotting piece of meat. The first group of jars was left open with no lid, the second group was covered in a woven piece of gauze, so that only air could get into the jar, and the third group was firmly sealed with a lid. After a few days of wait, Francesco noted that maggots appeared in the open jars where he saw flies had landed. The group of jars covered with the gauze had maggots on top of the gauze because the flies could smell the rotting meat so they laid their eggs there. Finally, he observed jars sealed with a lid had no maggots. With this experiment he disproved the theory of abiogenesis. His contribution to the scientific community did not end with just the results of his experiments as he was credited with the development of the â€Å"controlled experiment. † Controlled experiments changed the way we conduct experiments and greatly increased the accuracy of our results. The famous quote â€Å"Omne vivum ex ovo† (â€Å"All life comes from an egg†) is commonly associated with Redi’s experiments. A great contributor to the field of medicine and microbiology was Louis Pasteur. He was famous for his experiments with micro-organisms and for inventing the S-flask, which is now of great use in scientific experiments. Louis’ experiments saved the silk industry, and solved problems with the manufacture of alcoholic drinks. Most importantly, Pasteur invented the process now known as pasteurization. While working with the germ theory, which he bettered with his research, Pasteur proved that micro-organisms such as bacteria were responsible in the souring of alcoholic drinks such as beer and wine. He also discovered that microbes where infecting silk worm eggs and advocated that only disease-free eggs should be selected, which saved the industry. Another one of Pasteur’s accomplishments was when he confirmed the disproval of abiogenesis through his experiments. In the experiment, he put exposed boiled broth into two groups of S-flasks, which he invented to slow the growth of bacteria in test tubes. Then, he covered one of the groups of flasks with a filter designed to prevent any particles from entering the tube. The other group was group of S-flasks was left alone (the S-flasks also only allowed a minimal amount of particles to enter the tube). He concluded that bacteria only grew in the flasks after they were broken open; therefore, the microbes had to come from the outside, in the form of spores on dust particles. To counter the growth of these bacteria, he developed â€Å"pasteurization† which is a process that kills bacteria within a liquid by heating then cooling the liquid. Pasteurization is now used just about anywhere beverages are manufactured to prevent any bacteria from entering the products. Finally, Louis Pasteur’s arguably greatest contribution to science was bettering the concept of vaccination. When Pastuer was working on a problem causing chickens to die from a virus called â€Å"chicken cholera† on a farm, he exposed some of the healthy chickens to a weaker form of the virus. After returning from a month-long vacation, Louis discovered that the chickens did not die from the disease, like the others, but had actually grown immune to the disease and were completely healthy. He applied the same principle of vaccination to a quickly spreading epidemic called anthrax. Louis Pasteur’s contributions to science were vast and if we think about it, his research has forever changed the way that we live our lives today. Charles Darwin was an English naturalist who was dubbed the father of evolution. His work included establishing the fact that all species descended from common ancestors and describing a process he called natural selection in which different species struggled for life, leaving only the ones that adapted better to survive. Darwin has often been called one of the most influential figures in human history. His work undoubtedly affected people’s view on life and his theory of evolution transformed the way we think about the natural world. Darwin collected his research from many different places but his most influential research was gathered along his voyage on the Beagle. In 1831 Darwin tagged along the ship The Beagle on a survey voyage. When he got to the Galapagos Islands, he noticed that each island had similar finches that had their own distinctive features. He then noticed that these features corresponded with the environment that the birds lived in and what they had to hunt. He explained the situation with the theories of evolution and natural selection. He stated that the finches had originated from a similar ancestor and had evolved their characteristics to adapt to each sub-environment on the islands. Then, by natural selection, the finches that were better suited for their environment where left to breed and thrive on the islands. This is what we would call today, â€Å"Survival of the fittest. What Darwin accomplished with his research is vital to the scientific community and what we learn today. His work explains why many things exist as they do and how some things came to be. Finally, we had Sir Alexander Fleming, who discovered the â€Å"wonder drug† penicillin. Fleming had discovered the world’s first anti-biotic, or bacteria killer. Penicillin is a drug that kills bacteria in many forms and is widely used in me dicine and is essential in healing infections. As important as penicillin may be, it was found in a very strange way. When Fleming was leaving his laboratory for a vacation, he had stacked all his cultures of staphylococci on a bench in a corner of his laboratory. When he returned, he started to show some of the samples to his lab assistant and randomly noticed that one of the samples had grown a mold. He thought nothing of it until he also noticed that the mold had killed the staphylococci sample that was in the dish. Fleming saw that this mold had great potential. He spent several weeks growing more of the mold and, with the help of a colleague, he figured out that it was a Penicillium mold. He continued to run experiments with the mold and figured out that it killed many different types of harmful bacteria. But the most important characteristic of the mold was that it did no harm to the human body. Since Fleming was not a chemist, he could not isolate the actual antibacterial element within the mold and use it as medicine. Later on though, two chemists by the names of Florey and Chain managed to make penicillin a usable product. Fleming’s discovery of penicillin greatly benefited the evolution of medicine and has been a vital asset in fighting bacteria and illness. Francis Redi, Louis Pasteur, Charles Darwin, and Alexander Fleming each greatly benefited the scientific community. Their research and discoveries allowed for great advancements in medicine, knowledge, and helped shine light on things previously unknown. Francesco Redi and Louis Pasteur both disproved the theory of spontaneous generation. Charles Darwin changed the way we view species and the natural world with his theories of evolution and natural selection. Lastly, Alexander Flemings advanced field of medicine by discovering the miracle drug of penicillin. Whether it was by Darwin giving us new knowledge on the natural world or by Redi, Louis, and Pasteur pushing medicine further, these fours scientists greatly improved our lives and forever changed the way we live them. Bibliography Francesco Redi Meat and Maggots 1. â€Å"Francesco Redi and Controlled Experiments. †Ã‚  The Church and Science:Conflict or Complement. N. p. , n. d. Web. 7 Sept. 2012. http://www. scientus. org/Redi-Galileo. html. 2. â€Å"Redi Experiment. †Ã‚  Kent School District. N. p. , n. d. Web. 7 Sept. 2012. http://www1. kent. k12. wa. us/staff/timly 3. â€Å"Francesco Redi and Spontaneous Generation.   Louis Pasteur – The Life, Work and History – Microbiology, Chemistry, Fermentation and Beer. N. p. , n. d. Web. 7 Sept. 2012. http://www. pasteurbrewing. com/Articles/spontaneous-generation/francesco-redi-and-spontaneous-generation. html. Louis Pasteur Micro-organisms and the flask 1. â€Å"Louis Pasteur Biography. †Ã‚  Bio. com . AE Networks Television, n. d. Web. 07 Sept. 2012. http://www. biography. com/people/louis-pasteur-9434402. 2. â€Å"BBC – History – Louis Pasteur. †Ã‚  BBC – Homepage. N. p. , n. d. Web. 7 Sept. 2012. http://www. bbc. co. uk/history/historic_f 3. Bellis, Mary. â€Å"Louis Pasteur – Germ Theory of Disease. †Ã‚  Inventors. N. p. , n. d. Web. 7 Sept. 2012. http://inventors. about. com/od/pstartinv Charles Darwin Evolution, Survival, Natural Selection 1. â€Å"BBC – History – Charles Darwin. â€Å"BBC – Homepage. N. p. , n. d. Web. 7 Sept. 2012. http://www. bbc. co. uk/history/historic_figures/dar 2. â€Å"Darwin’s Theory Of Evolution. â€Å"Darwin’s Theory Of Evolution. N. p. , n. d. Web. 7 Sept. 2012. http://www. darwins-theory-of-evolution. com/. 3. â€Å"Darwin’s Theory. †Ã‚  BioWeb. N. p. , n. d. Web. 7 Sept. 2012. http://bioweb. cs. earlham. du/9-12/evolution/HTML/theory. html. Alexander Fleming Molds and Penicillin 1. Rosenberg, Jennifer. â€Å"Alexander Fleming Discovers Penicillin. †Ã‚  20th Century History. N. p. , n. d. Web. 7 Sept. 2012. http://history1900s. about. com/od/medicaladva 2. â€Å"Sir Alexander Fleming – Biography. â€Å"Nob elprize. org. N. p. , n. d. Web. 7 Sept. 2012. http://www. nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/fleming-bio. html. 3. â€Å"Alexander Fleming and Penicillin. â€Å"History Learning Site. N. p. , n. d. Web. 7 Sept. 2012. http://www. historylearningsite. co. uk/alexander_fleming_and_penicillin. htm How to cite Ap Biology Paper, Essay examples

The Effects Of Alcatraz Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Effects Of Alcatraz Essay, Research Paper page 1 THE CREATION OF aLCATRAZ Between the old ages 1934 and 1963 one of the most ill-famed prisons in history was operated. Alcatraz Island Federal Penitentiary earned a repute for being one of the most feared prisons in the universe. Its maximal security? escape-proof? environment was built to house the most nefarious felons of its clip. For 29 old ages, under four wardens, Alcatraz Penitentiary succeeded as being a topographic point of isolation and reformation for a sum of 1,567 inmates. During the 1930? s a offense moving ridge crashed through American towns and metropoliss. The primary cause for the eruption and eventual spread of condemnable activity, during this period known as the? Gangster Era, ? was the legal prohibition of elating drinks. Gangs such as the Toughy Gang were involved in robberies, covering with station offices and mail-delivery vehicles, around the state. Other well-known wrongdoers included Al Capone, ? machine gun? kelly, albert bates, harvey baily, and toilet dillinger ( all who ended up in alcatraz, except for dillinger who was killed by the constabulary ) . We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects Of Alcatraz Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was clear that the local jurisprudence enforcement bureaus were unable to battle the menace these work forces posed to the community. Even when they were captured and incarcerated, it was non uncommon for them to get away and go on their traffics in a new metropolis or province. The increased component of condemnable activity in American metropoliss made it clear that America needed a topographic point to insulate its? most unsafe public enemies. ? The authorities recognized the benefits that such an establishment would supply. If this group of work forces, known as? the toughest two per centum, ? were isolated from society and even from other captives in the province establishments, a great load would be lifted from the federal system. The lawyer general at the clip, home run s. Edward Estlin Cummingss, consulted president Franklin Roosevelt about the construct of constructing a prison for the exclusive intent of reforming and insulating page 2 unsafe felons from the general populace. Roosevelt supported this radical thought, and fleetly approved the undertaking. lawyer general Edward Estlin Cummingss, so began readyings for turn uping a suited site for this prison of? supermaximum security? . Shortly after his hunt began, Edward Estlin Cummingss discovered that alcatraz island, which had antecedently been used by the war section as a military garrison and prison, was non being to the full utilized. in 1934, an informal transportation of alcatraz island from the war section, to the section of justness, was completed and readyings were continued for the business of the island and the constitution of a prison. If alcatraz was to be a topographic point of storage for 100s of work forces it would hold to be exhaustively remodeled. the older edifices of the military prison would be restored, and extra countries would be added. it was the occupation of alcatraz? s foremost warden, James A. Johnston, to oversee the add-on of the necessary characteristics, and to do it? get away proof. ? Johnston began the reconstructing endeavor by put ining communicating devices such as short moving ridge wireless and telephones, which would let the guards and other personal to pass on around the island, and it besides enabled them to pass on with the mainland. these security characteristics would besides turn out to be utile in the hereafter to forestall against public violences. searchlight towers and flood lamps were besides added to the old ground forces prison to fix for the future inflow of captives. rupture gas mercantile establishments were installed in the ceiling of the booming hall, and at the chief entryway of the disposal edifice. Ideally, the captives would non hold had sufficient entree to adequate stuffs within their cells to make a successful public violence. Therefore, it was non necessary to put in tear gas mercantile establishments in the single cells of the prison. The following security characteristic that was added to alcatraz penitentiary was the hiring of armed guards. For every three alcatraz inmates, there was one guard, who was professionally trained to steer a gun. Johnston established gun galleries in different terminals of the cellhouse, and installed electric doors and Gatess throughout the prison. metal sensors were placed on the dock, at the rear gate, and at the entryway to the disposal page 3 edifice. barbed wire was placed atop looming fencings, that separated the captives from the outside universe. the H2O of the San Francisco bay was possibly the most alone security characteristic that alcatraz boasted of. the island itself was one and a half stat mis off from the mainland, and the natural tides and currents of the bay? s chilly H2O would certainly forbid a flight creative person from traversing into freedom. warning marks were placed around the margin to cautiousness boats to keep a 200 pace distance off from the island. if a boat violated this margin, the guards would be forced to open fire on the vas. Buoys besides encompassed alcatraz island, and served the same intent as the warning marks. Warden Johnston placed Fe bars in the cells. He hence made commissariats for their replacing with tool-proof steel bars which, unlike the Fe bars, would forestall against eroding and do it about impossible for the inmates to saw their manner through them. The Windowss of the prison were besides reinforced by the add-on of tool-proof steel bars. alcatraz penitentiary More so ten edifices were scattered around Alcatraz island during its 10 old ages as a prison. Independently operated? dual doors? were in topographic point in the edifices to let merely those who were authorized to go through either in or out of the high security environment that each construction maintained. Possibly the most of import edifice to the existent prison operation was the cellhouse. This edifice was composed of about six hundred cells, each divided into four cell blocks: A block, B Block, degree Celsius block, and 500 block. Most? jail birds? were housed in either the B block or degree Celsius block during their captivity. Each cell measured nine pess by five pess, with an eight pes ceiling operating expense. Within each cell was a bed made of steel page 4 ( topped by a mattress ) , a lavatory, a shelf an electric visible radiation ( which was non permitted to be used after 9.pm ) . Sheets, covers, and pillows ( with slips ) were provided to the inmates to do their remain a little more comfy. Inmates who obeyed the regulations of the prison, were granted particular activities that frequently included clip in the diversion pace. This country of the prison was designated for the captives as a topographic point where they could take part in a myriad of games. The Industry Buildings besides provided the concerted inmate with the opportunity to get away the every twenty-four hours routine by leting them to work in assorted workshops making such undertakings as rinsing wash, cooking nutrient, woodworking work, electrician work, and orienting. Even wor male monarch in the industry edifices was a privilege. ? privileges? Life on the stone was non ever every bit ghastly as is normally supposed. alcatraz would let certain freedoms for those who respected the regulations and did as they were told. These freedoms were called? privileges? , and for some captives they were their ground for life, and an flight from imprisonment and the confines of their cells. Such privileges included the right to inquire for a? visible radiation? or? heavy? part of nutrient in the muss hall ( nevertheless an inmate was required to eat everything on his home base without alibi ) . Visitation rights, though carefully granted to certain inmates, would forbid former inmates and individuals who were thought to present a menace to the operation of the island. Good behaviour allowed inmates to read books and magazines of their pick from the library. A captive was given the right to match with friends and household outside the prison through letters, but even these were carefully censored and any stuff that was considered to be a menace to the establishment was removed. page 5 Every missive was rewritten by the staff of alcatraz, and it was non uncommon that an inmate? s missive had neer been delivered. The diversion pace was another of the privileges that a good inmate could partake of. Morton Sobell, a former inmate of Alcatraz, described the diversion pace by stating, ? # 8230 ; .You could make what you wanted to make. You could sit on the stairss and speak or watch. You could walk. You could play cards. You had a pick here which you did non hold back there. ? Even assorted featuring activities were allowed in this outdoorss atmosphere, possibly the most demoralizing fact of the diversion pace was that one could easy see the life of San Francisco less than two stat mis off. This invariably served as a reminder to the captives that freedom was so close and yet so far off. How hard was? the stone? ? Alcatraz was best known for the rumours about its oppressive environment. Inmates, when allowed to pass on with outside universe, radius of horrors that separated it from all other prisons in America. Inmate # 1465 ( Leon? honky? Thompson ) compared his old prison experience with that of the Rock by stating, ? I spent 24 and a half old ages in the penitentiary, but my small over four old ages on Alcatraz was harder on me than the other 20 old ages in prison. To me it was non a life. it was non even bing # 8230 ; to me it was similar clip stopped # 8230 ; nil meant anything any longer. ? Every inmate was required to get down their twenty-four hours at the same clip each bereavement ( about 6.20 a.m ) . Throughout the twenty-four hours they were counted by the guards to guarantee that no captives were absent for any ground. Twelve functionary counts were compulsory, but it was no surprise when legion unofficial counts were indiscriminately executed in add-on to the on a regular basis scheduled 1s. page 6 Scattered throughout an inmate? s scheduled were required? strip hunts? or? shakedowns? . Besides a portion of flight bar were the metal sensors, which the inmates were forced to go through through a lower limit of six times a twenty-four hours. Another well known tactic that the guards used to rail their capturers was to abandon their slug pierced marks in topographic points that the inmates could happen them, and hence recognize the accomplishment and power that they were subjected to. the autumn of alcatraz As old ages passed and alcatraz welcomed new wardens, an component of warden Johnston? s thoughts were lost. Edwin Swope, Paul J. Madigan and olin blackwell were Johnston? s merely replacements. They helped alter Alcatraz from the celebrated prison of? penalty and non reformation? to one where captives could populate, eat, and relax, comparatively unmolested by the prison guards or tortured by the rigorous prison regulations. It was no secret that the one time stiff plan followed by all the inmates was easy going more and more relaxed. At one clip on Alcatraz, during the Jonston? s reign, inmate conversations were prohibited and speech production was a punishable discourtesy. As clip progressed inmates were allowed to pass on outside of the one time designated times. Finally, future wardens would let inmates to make their ain artistic pieces with pigment that they had been given. About twenty old ages after the penitentiary on Alcatraz Island had been established, inmates were allowed to listen to music or wireless plans played by the San Francisco wireless Stationss. Toward the terminal of its operation, the one time common prison cell? shakedowns? were discontinued by the 1960? s. Besides a major alteration Page 7 in the manner Alcatraz was operated was the fact that fewer guards and fewer counts took topographic point subsequently in its history. the chief ground for the relaxation of the prison codifications was that the authorities support could no longer back up the stiff modus operandi that had for so long been the differentiation of Alcatraz ; and? budget cuts? were shortly imposed. The monetary value of keeping a maximal security installation of this quality, and the sum of care disbursals that Alcatraz was invariably securing made its day-to-day operation a hard enterprise. As a consequence of the insouciant intervention of inmates, captives began to happen ways to get away their parturiency. Though, fewer guards and counts were chiefly responsible for the well planned flight efforts that marred its repute as an escape-proof environment. It was good known that the sum of money needed to maintain a captive at Alcatraz was greater than the sum required to house the same captive at a different establishment. This revived the inquiry of Alcatraz? s intent in the federal system. Be it still needed? Was the? Gangster Era? a thing of the yesteryear? Taxpayers did non desire to pay for virtually the same intervention at a higher cost to them. In add-on to mundane costs of Alcatraz, a new job was get downing to come up. The really edifice that housed inmates were get downing to crumple, and harmonizing to estimations the needed fixs would be five million dollars. How would the authorities be able to warrant the fixs to edifices that were already excessively dearly-won to keep? The fact is they could non. And it was for this ground that, ? Attorney General Robert Kennedy ordered the Rock closed? . On March21,1963, the last repast was served to the few inmates that remained. These would be the concluding minutes of the captivity on Alcatraz Island. Delgado, james p. Alcatraz: island of alteration. 1991. Delgado, james p. Alcatraz island: the narrative behind the scenery. 1985 ? Satan? s island. ? microsoft encarta 98 encyclopaedia. CD-ROM. microsoft 1998 hurley, donald. alcatraz island: maximal security. 1989 hurley, donald. alcatraz island memories. 1987 odier, Pierre. the stone: a history of Alcatraz the fort/the prison. 1982 Quillen, jim. Alcatraz: from inside. 1991